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Description

2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1 (EC 2.7.7.84, UniProt P00973, also known as (2-5')oligo(A) synthase 1, 2-5A synthase 1, E18/E16, p46/p42 OAS) is encoded by the OAS1 (also known as OIAS, OIASI) gene (Gene ID 4938) in human. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), including pathogens-derived double-stranded RNA and DNA (dsRNA and dsDNA). The 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetases (OAS) are interferon-induced cytoplasmic PRRs that recognize virally produced dsRNA and initiate RNA destabilization through activation of RNase L within infected cells. Upon dsRNA binding, OAS enzymes generate the second messenger 2'-5' oligoadenylate (2-5An, n = 2 to 19), resulting in the dimerization and activation of the latent ribonuclease (RNase L) that degrades host and viral mRNAs. In primates, the OAS family consists of OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, and the catalytically inactive OASL, while 12 rodent Oas genes have been identified, eight of which are OAS1 paralogs.