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Description

STATs (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are used by receptors for a wide variety of ligands including cytokines, hormones, growth factors and neurotransmitters. The phosphorylation of STAT proteins at conserved tyrosine residues activates SH2-mediated dimerization followed rapidly by nuclear translocation. STAT dimers bind to IRE (interferon response element) and GAS (gamma interferon-activated sequence) DNA elements, resulting in the transcriptional regulation of downstream genes. STAT pathways play important roles in oncogenesis, tumor progression, angiogenesis, cell motility, immune responses and stem cell differentiation.Protein phosphorylation represents the major mechanism used in regulating cellular functions in all eukaryotic cells. Aberrant phosphorylation has been implicated in the onset and development of many diseases including metabolic disorders, inflammatory disease, cancer, etc. Changes in protein phosphorylation can be attributed to both changes in phosphorylation events as well as changes due to total protein levels. In order to distinguish the changes in phosphorylation from changes in protein expression, it is important to normalize the signal from phosphorylation over the signal from total protein. For this need, the MILLIPLEX(R) MAP 2-plex Phospho/Total STAT3 Kit (Cat. No. 48-623MAG) has been developed for the simultaneous detection of phosphorylated STAT3 (Tyr705) and total STAT3 in a single well using the Luminex system.