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Description

The STAT (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) family, consisting of seven mammalian members, regulates many aspects of growth, survival and differentiation in cells. The extracellular binding of cytokines, hormones, growth factors and neurotransmitters to receptors induces phosphorylation of the intracellular Janus kinases (JAKs) that, in turn, phosphorylate STAT proteins at conserved tyrosine residues, activating SH2-mediated dimerization followed by translocation to the nucleus. STAT dimers then bind to IRE (interferon response element) and GAS (gamma interferon-activated sequence) DNA elements, resulting in the transcriptional regulation of downstream genes.