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Description

Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase S (UniProt: Q13332, EC: 3.1.3.48, R-PTP-S, Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase sigma, R-PTP-sigma) is encoded by the PTPRS gene (Gene ID: 5802) in human. R-PTP-S is a single-pass type I membrane protein that belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Seven isoforms of R-PTP-S have been described that are produced by alternative splicing. R-PTP-S is detected in all tissues except plasma and liver. It is also detected in peripheral blood plasmacytoid dendritic cells. It is synthesized with a signal peptide (aa 1-29), which is subsequently cleaved off. The mature protein has an extracellular domain (aa 30-1282), a transmembrane domain (aa 1283-1303), and a cytoplasmic domain (aa 1304-1948). A cleavage is reported to occur between amino acids 1197-1198, which separates the extracellular domain from the transmembrane segment by a process known as ectodomain shedding. This process is involved in receptor desensitization, signal transduction and/or membrane localization. R-PTP-S serves as a cell surface receptor that binds to glycosaminoglycans, including chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Binding to chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate proteoglycans has opposite effects on R-PTP-S oligomerization and regulation of neurite outgrowth. It contributes to the inhibition of neurite and axonal outgrowth by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and plays a role in stimulating neurite outgrowth in response to the heparan sulfate proteoglycan GPC2. R-PTP-S is shown to be essential for normal brain development, especially for development of the pituitary gland and the olfactory bulb. It is reported to be rapidly internalized when dendritic cells are stimulated with the TLR9 ligand cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG).