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Description

Synaptic functional regulator FMR1 (UniProt: Q06787, also known as Fragile X mental retardation protein 1, FMRP, Protein FMR-1) is encoded by the FMR1 gene (Gene ID: 2332) in human. FMR-1 is a multifunctional polyribosome-associated RNA-binding protein that plays a central role in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity through the regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, mRNA stability, mRNA dendritic transport and postsynaptic local protein synthesis of a subset of mRNAs. It plays a role in mRNA nuclear export and together with export factor NXF2, it is involved in the regulation of the NXF1 mRNA stability in neurons. It is also reported to stabilize the scaffolding postsynaptic density protein DLG4/PSD-95 and the myelin basic protein mRNAs in hippocampal neurons and glial cells, respectively and this stabilization is further increased in response to metabotropic glutamate receptor stimulation. A CGG repeat expansion (55-200) in the 5 UTR of FMR1 gene is reported to cause Fragile X-associated Tremor Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS). The expanded CGG repeat is associated with elevated FMR1 mRNA expression that results and neurodegeneration. The CGG repeat expansion triggers repeat-associated non-ATG-initiated translation (RAN or RANT) within the 5 UTR of FMR1 mRNA, resulting in the production of fusion proteins (FMR1polyG) that contain N-terminal polyglycine fused to either C-terminal FMR1 in-frame sequence or one of two FMR1 frame-shift sequences. The FMR1polyG-positive aggregates closely resemble neuronal intranuclear inclusions seen in polyglutamine diseases and other protein-mediated neurodegenerative disorders. (Ref.: Buijsen, RAM., et al. (2014). Acta Neuropathol. Commun. 2:162, Todd, PK et al. (2013). Neuron. 78(3), 440-455).