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Description

DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein (UniProt P35638, also known as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, C/EBP-homologous protein 10, C/EBP zeta, CHOP, CHOP-10, DDIT-3, Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD153) is encoded by the DDIT3 (Also known as CEBPZ, CHOP, CHOP10, GADD153) gene in human (Gene ID 1649). CHOP is a proapoptotic unfold protein response (UPR) gene and a well established marker for ER stress and UPR activation. The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER induces the activation of three main UPR pathways, the inositol requiring enzyme-1 (IRE1) pathway, the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) pathway, and the protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway. The PERK pathway involves PERK auto-phosphorylation/activation, resulting in PERK phosphorylation of eIF2&alpha,, which in turn leads to increased ATF4 transcription and ATF4-mediated CHOP upregulation.