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Description

Interleukin-1 beta (UniProt: P01584, also known as IL-1 beta, Catabolin) is encoded by the IL1B (also known as IL1F2) gene (Gene ID: 3553) in human. IL-1beta is one of the best characterized potent pro-inflammatory cytokines that is critical for host-defense responses to infection and injury. It is produced and secreted by a variety of cell types, however, it is mainly expressed in activated monocytes/macrophages. IL-1beta is produced as pro-IL-1beta in response to molecular motifs carried by pathogens known as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Its synthesis occurs in two steps and each step is controlled by different stimuli. In the initial step, inflammatory signals, such as lipopolysaccharides, stimulate the synthesis and promote the accumulation of pro-IL-1beta in cytoplasm. Following this step pro-IL-1beta is cleaved by the caspase-1, the activation of which occurs via recruitment to inflammasome. This step removes the propeptide (1-116) segment. Following caspase-1-dependent processing of pro-IL-1beta, mature IL-1beta (aa 117-269) is rapidly secreted from cells. IL-1beta is known to induce prostaglandin synthesis, neutrophil influx and activation, T-cell and B-cell activation and antibody production. It also promotes Th17 differentiation and synergizes with IL-12 to induce interferon g from T-helper cells. (Ref.: Lopez-Castejon, G., and Brough, D. (2011). Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 22(4), 189-195, Tominaga, K., et al. (2000). Int. Immunol. 12(2), 151-160).