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Description

C-C motif chemokine 4 (UniProt: P13236, also known as G-26 T-lymphocyte-secreted protein, HC21, Lymphocyte activation gene 1 protein, LAG-1, MIP-1-beta (1-69),Macrophage inflammatory protein 1-beta, MIP-1-beta, PAT 744, Protein H400, SIS-gamma, Small-inducible cytokine A4, T-cell activation protein 2, ACT-2) is encoded by the CCL (also known as LAG1, MIP1B, SCYA4) gene (Gene ID: 6351) in human. CCL4/MIP1b is a secretory protein that is synthesized with a signal peptide (aa 1-23), which is subsequently cleaved off to produce the mature form (aa 24-292) that can be further proteolytically cleaved at the N-terminal to generate MIP-1b (aa 26-92). It is present either as a homodimer or a heterodimer of MPIa and MIP1b. Both MIP-1a and MIP1beta participate in the host response to invading bacterial, viral, parasite and fungal pathogens by regulating the trafficking and activation state of selected subgroups of inflammatory cells. Although they exert similar effects on monocytes their effect on lymphocytes differs, with MIP1a selectively attracting CD8+ lymphocytes and MIP1beta selectively attracting CD4+ lymphocytes. MIP1b serves as a monokine with inflammatory and chemokinetic properties. It is one of the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T-cells that inhibits different strains of HIV-1, HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus. CCR5 serves as a specific receptor for MIP1b. The processed form MIP-1b also retains the ability to induce down-modulation of surface expression of the chemokine receptor CCR5 and inhibit the CCR5-mediated entry of HIV-1 in T-cells. It also serves as a ligand for CCR1 and CCR2 isoform B.