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Description

Transcriptional repressor CTCFL (UniProt Q8NI51, also known as BORIS-like protein, Brother of the regulator of imprinted sites, Cancer/testis antigen 27, CTCF-like protein, CTCF paralog, HMG-1L1, Putative high mobility group protein 1-like 1, Putative high mobility group protein B1-like 1, Zinc finger protein CTCF-T) is encoded by the CTCFL (also known as BORIS, CT27, CTCF-T, dJ579F20.2, HMGB1L1) gene (Gene ID 140690) in human. BORIS is a member of the cancer-testis antigen (CT) family of proteins. BORIS is normally present at high levels in the testis, however it is also aberrantly expressed in various tumors and cancer cell lines. The central DNA-binding region of BORIS is composed of 11 zinc-finger domains similar to CTCF, while the flanking N- and C-terminal regions are distinct between these two paralogs. The appearance of BORIS during germ-line development suggests a role in epigenetic reprogramming in germ cells. BORIS protein is detected in all prostate cell lines and prostate tumors, but it is absent in benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues. Furthermore, increased BORIS protein levels correlate with higher Gleason scores, T-stage and androgen receptor (AR) protein levels in prostate tumors. BORIS is predominantly cytoplasmic in the benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) epithelial cell line BPH-1, while BORIS is found to be localized both in the cytoplasm and nucleus among tumorigenic BPH-1 derivatives and established prostate cancer cell lines.