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Description

Angiogenin (UniProt: P21570, also known as EC: 3.3.27.-, Angiogenin-1, Ribonuclease 5, RNase 5) is encoded by the Ang (also known as Ang1, Rnase5, Rnase5a) gene (Gene ID: 11727) in murine species. Angiogenin is a homodimeric protein that belongs to the pancreatic ribonuclease family. It is synthesized with a signal peptide (aa 1-24), which is subsequently cleaved off. Angiogenin binds to actin on the surface of endothelial cells and is rapidly endocytosed and translocated to the nucleus where it accumulates in the nucleolus and binds to DNA. Its nuclear localization signal is located in amino acids 55-59. Angiogenin induces vascularization of normal and malignant tissues and its activity is regulated by interaction with RNH1 in vivo. The growth stimulatory functions of Angiogenin are mediated through rRNA transcription. It stimulates ribosomal RNA synthesis including that containing the initiation site sequences of 45S rRNA. It cleaves tRNA within anticodon loops to produce tRNA-derived stress-induced fragments (tiRNAs), which inhibit protein synthesis and triggers the assembly of stress granules (SGs). Under stress, Angiogenin is translocated to SGs and mediates the production of tRNA-derived stress-induced small RNA (tiRNA), which enhance cellular survival by simultaneously suppressing global protein translation, saving anabolic energy, and permitting internal ribosomal entry sequence (IRES)-mediated protein translation of anti-apoptotic genes.