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Description

Histone H4 (UniProt: P62805 ) is encoded by the HIST14A (also known as H4/A, H4FA, HIST1H4B, H4/I, H4FI, HIST1H4C, H4/G, H4FG, HIST1H4D, H4/B, H4FB, HIST1H4E, H4/J, H4FJ, HIST1H4F, H4/C, H4FC, HIST1H4H, H4/H, H4FH, HIST1H4I, H4/M, H4FM, HIST1H4J, H4/E, H4FE, HIST1H4K, H4/D, H4FD, HIST1H4L, H4/K, H4FK, HIST2H4A, H4/N, H4F2, H4FN, HIST2H4, HIST2H4B, H4/O, H4FO, HIST4H4) gene (Gene ID: 121504, 554313, 8294, 8359, 8360, 8361, 8362, 8363, 8364, 8365, 8366, 8367, 8368, 8370) in human. Histones play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Histone H4 is one of the main histone proteins that contribute to the chromatin structure in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Histone H4 can undergo several different types of epigenetic modifications that influence cellular processes, including methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation. Acetylation at Lys6, Lys9, Lys13 and Lys17 is shown to occur in coding regions of the genome but not in heterochromatin. Monomethylation and asymmetric dimethylation at Arg4 is reported to favor acetylation at Lys9 and Lys13. Histone H4 can be phosphorylated by Tie2 on Tyr51, which is shown to preferentially occur in the presence of core histones. The phosphorylated H4 (H4Y51) is recognized by the proto-oncogene ABL1. Histone H4 is also phosphorylated on Ser48 by PAK2, which is shown to increase the association of H3.3-H4 with the histone chaperone HIRA, thus promoting nucleosome assembly of H3.3-H4 and inhibiting nucleosome assembly of H3.1-H4. Chromosomal aberrations involving histone H4 causes of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. (Ref.: Hossain, MB., et al. (2016). Sci. Adv. 2, e1501290).