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Description

Advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor (UniProt: Q15109, also known as Receptor for advanced glycosylation end products, RAGE) is encoded by the AGER (also known as RAGE) gene (Gene ID: 177) in human. RAGE is a single-pass type I membrane protein that contains two Ig-like C2-type domains, one Ig-like V-type domain, a 21 amino acid transmembrane domain and a 41 amino acids cytoplasmic domain. RAGE mediates interactions of advanced glycosylation end products (AGE), which are non-enzymatically glycosylated proteins which accumulate in vascular tissue in aging and at an accelerated rate in diabetes. RAGE acts as a mediator of both acute and chronic vascular inflammation in conditions, such as atherosclerosis and in complication of diabetes. Blockage of RAGE is reported to suppress development of atherosclerosis and vascular disorders. RAGE is expressed by endothelium, mononuclear phagocytes, neurons and smooth muscle cells. Higher expression of RAGE is observed during development, especially in the central nervous system, and its levels decline during maturity. Besides binding to advanced glycosylation end product (AGE), RAGE also binds amyloid beta peptide, S100family proteins, and leukocyte integrins. Excessive amounts of amyloid peptides (Ab) in brain leads to the hyperstimulation of RAGE. The RAGE-Ab interaction is thought to result in oxidative stress leading to neuronal degeneration.