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Description

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (UniProt: P37231, also known as PPAR-gamma, Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group C member 3) is encoded by the PPARG (also known as NR1C3) gene (Gene ID: 5468) in human. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor family of transcription factors that mediate a variety of cellular processes, including glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, and regulation of apoptotic cell death. They act by binding to specific peroxisome proliferator-response elements (PPREs) on target genes. Three types of PPARs exist, namely alpha, delta, and gamma. In addition, alternative splicing produces three PPAR-gamma isoforms. All PPARs heterodimerize with retinoid X receptor (RXR) and bind PPREs in the promoter region of target genes. Highest expression of PPAR gamma is found in the adipose tissue and lower levels are detected in skeletal muscle, spleen, heart and liver. It plays a critical role in adipocyte differentiation and fat deposition. PPAR-gamma is phosphorylated in basal conditions and is dephosphorylated upon treatment with ligands. Its dephosphorylation at serine 112 induces its adipogenic activity. PPAR-gamma can be activated by prostaglandin PGJ2 and certain members of the 5-HETE family of arachidonic acid metabolites, including 5-oxo-15(S)-HETE and 5-oxo-ETE.