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Beschreibung

Interleukin-9 (UniProt: P15248, also known as IL-9, Cytokine P40, T-cell growth factor P40) is encoded by the IL9 gene (Gene ID: 3578) in human. IL-9 is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a significant role in tolerance and inflammation. It is expressed by a variety of immune cells. It is synthesized with a signal peptide (aa 1-18), which is subsequently cleaved off to generate the mature form. It supports the growth of mast cells, T cells, and several other cell types, including erythroid progenitors, fetal thymocytes, human megakaryoblastic leukemic cells, and myeloid precursor cells. It is also reported to supports IL-2 independent and IL-4 independent growth of helper T-cells. It also plays a role in promoting IgE production by B cells. IL-9 actions are mediated via its binding to IL-9R that results in the formation the IL-9R heterocomplex. Following its binding to the IL-9R , the SHC is phosphorylated, which then binds to Grb2 that subsequently activates SoS, a GTP exchange factor for Ras GTPases. This results in the activation of Ras GTPase that activates Raf kinase followed by the activation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2. Although IL-9 is reported to activate the MAPK pathway in several lymphoid and hematopoietic cells, this activation is weaker compared to other cytokines. Elevated levels of IL-9 and IL-9R are observed in lungs of asthmatic subjects. (Ref.: Chakraborty, S., et al. (2019). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20(9), 2113).